|
Finland |
Germany |
Ireland |
Netherlands |
Portugal |
Sweden |
United
Kingdom |
1.
Current
Status |
Hot topic. Government support for projects. Training needs. |
PP late in environment plans. Broader use in cities re Local Agenda 21. |
Legislative support, especially in EIA Partnerships and fora. |
PP well-organized with legislation and methods; needs more use. |
Growing despite tradition of strong central government, EC helps. |
Early PP on rise. PP part of EIA growth and legislation for planning. |
PP and partnership required by government of local authorities. |
2.
Private
vs.
Public
Sector |
Mostly public, private more interested now. |
Much PP at municipal level, less in broader public sector. |
Public sector leads; then firms especially foreign subsidaries |
More in government, often via NGOs; new in private sector. |
Different factors affect each sector. |
Both see need. Some see political awareness as stimulus. |
Little difference because of statutory requirements. New white paper |
3.
Fields |
Land use, resource development, EIA related. |
Waste management, trans. Earlier, PP in energy and health. |
Waste management, County development plans, transportation, natural resource |
Transportation, environment and urban development. |
EC guides environment and waste management. DAD model rules elsewhere. |
Waste management, transportation, natural resources by affecting environment |
Varies across country. Public forests may get new program. |
4.
Trends |
Increasing in government and EIA projects. |
Economy discourages PP, as jobs at risk. Health? |
Fast development of PP, government information office, environment publics |
Earlier, more in government advisory bodies after problems. |
More PP in EIA. Internet inspires. NGOs rising. Environmental groups. |
Public more active and wants role in decisions. |
PP increasing, especially in Scotland |
5.
Techniques |
Publications, meetings, referenda, Web email. |
Public meetings, advisory committes workshops. |
Public exhibitions, public with questions, partnerships. |
Wide range, U.S. mediation, a science court TV Congress. |
Media, written comments, public meetings, hearings. |
Open houses dialogue but still public meetings. |
Wide range but fewer public meetings. |
6.
Pressures
re cost and
effective |
Focus on more PP; cost a concern later. |
Yes, hard to get support for long programs. |
Early and quick PP legislation for standardized times. |
Yes, by managers, legislators and media to curb recession. |
Yes, but limit credibility with public unrest. |
Not much pressure. |
Yes, local government survey shows need to justify programs. |
7.
Stake-
holder
vs
Public |
Both are in active use. |
Stakeholders may organize public. Easier to work with. |
Seek balance, consultees in hearings, access to all. |
Stakeholders more central as active to defend goals. |
Stakeholders are active, informed, media-wise. Public quiet. |
Depends on stage. Both need work. |
Stakeholder in vogue but its implications not understood. |
8.
PP vs
ADR,
etc. |
Mostly PP |
Mostly PP via hearings; ADR is rare. |
PP and ADR used, no legislation for ADR. |
Used as needed, often to complement each other. |
Mostly PP, ADR fits informal way of Portugal culture. |
Alternatives not available but seem interesting! |
Little ADR. Some use terms but not fully informed. |
9.
In-house:
Indepen-
dents |
2-3 firms; government and firms use in-house staff, training. |
A few firms. Group for environmental mediation established. |
Government and firms use own staff; some independent facilitators. |
Government organizations and firms have communication staff. |
No firms in PP alone. Some PP in other firms. |
No independent firms; in-house or independent facilitators. |
No independent firms. Agency staff being trained. |
10.
Policy,
Program
and
Project |
Mostly project, others coming. PP in new legislation. |
Little state and federal PP in program and policy development. |
More use of PP in policy and program development. |
More projects but some PP in policy; national court of audits. |
Mostly projects re EIA through IPAMB. |
Mostly project focus. |
Focus now on projects. New legislation-> PP in policy and programs. |
11.
Other
Comments |
PP needed in organizations. Simpler process IAP2 conference? |
New organization of PP people. Other fields interested. |
PP essential for growth. Builders and activists war. |
PP vital when land base is so small. Court model coming. |
Slow process to conquer passive democracy after dictatorship. |
Much work to do! Public trust needed. |
Consensus building clinic coming in Scotland. |
